{"id":7263,"date":"2015-01-13T14:11:08","date_gmt":"2015-01-13T14:11:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.magna.org\/fr\/haiti-5-let-po-tragickem-zemetreseni\/"},"modified":"2022-12-03T15:16:03","modified_gmt":"2022-12-03T15:16:03","slug":"haiti-5-let-po-tragickem-zemetreseni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.magna.org\/fr\/cs\/uncategorized\/haiti-5-let-po-tragickem-zemetreseni\/","title":{"rendered":"Haiti: 5 let po tragick\u00e9m zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Haiti v \u010d\u00edslech<\/strong><\/p>\n

Haiti je pr\u00e1v\u011b svou geografickou polohou vystaveno p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm sil\u00e1m jako jsou hurik\u00e1ny, povodn\u011b, sesuvy p\u016fdy a\u00a0sucha. Velk\u00e1 m\u00edra chudoby v\u00a0zemi znamen\u00e1, \u017ee i\u00a0men\u0161\u00ed s\u00edla jednoho ze \u017eivl\u016f dok\u00e1\u017ee obyvatele zem\u011b vystavit riziku hladomoru.<\/p>\n

Dnes je tomu 5 let, kdy skute\u010dn\u011b devastuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed \u017eivel ot\u0159\u00e1sl st\u00e1tem Haiti. Zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed ovlivnilo \u017eivoty t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 3,5 milionu lid\u00ed, co\u017e tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e t\u0159etinu z celkov\u00e9ho p\u016fvodn\u00edho obyvatelstva t\u00e9to zem\u011b. Nejv\u00edc byla zasa\u017een\u00e1 oblast okolo hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Port-au-Prince, kde \u017eilo v t\u00e9 dob\u011b 2,8 milionu lid\u00ed. Haitsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da odhaduje\u00a0a\u017e 222 570 ob\u011bt\u00ed na \u017eivotech a 300 572 zran\u011bn\u00fdch. O domov p\u0159i\u0161lo 2,3 milionu lid\u00ed, z toho 302 000 tvo\u0159ily d\u011bti. <\/strong>Nejm\u00e9n\u011b 188 303 obydl\u00ed bylo t\u011b\u017ece po\u0161kozen\u00fdch a 105 000 dom\u016f bylo kompletn\u011b zni\u010den\u00fdch. 60% vl\u00e1dn\u00edch a\u00a0administrativn\u00edch budov, 80% \u0161kol v\u00a0hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b a 60% \u0161kol v\u00a0ji\u017en\u00ed a\u00a0z\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010dasti\u00a0 bylo zni\u010den\u00fdch anebo po\u0161kozen\u00fdch. Celkov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161kody jsou odhadovan\u00e9 na $7,8 bilionu, co\u017e tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00edc ne\u017e 120% hrub\u00e9ho dom\u00e1c\u00edho produktu na Haiti v\u00a0roce 2009.<\/p>\n

V polovin\u011b roku 2014 bylo p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 104 000 lid\u00ed vys\u00eddlen\u00fdch do 172 ute\u010deneck\u00fdch t\u00e1bor\u016f. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 70 000 z nich nebylo v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m reloka\u010dn\u00edm anebo n\u00e1vratov\u00e9m programu. V z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2014 kleslo \u010d\u00edslo ute\u010denc\u016f v t\u00e1borech na 85 432, takt\u00e9\u017e klesl i po\u010det t\u00e1bor\u016f na 123. V\u00a0zemi i\u00a0navzdory n\u011bkolika rok\u016fm po katastrof\u011b p\u0159etrv\u00e1v\u00e1 chudoba, nerovnost, ekologick\u00e1 zk\u00e1za a politick\u00e1 nestabilita ohro\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed snahy Hai\u0165an\u016f o\u00a0rekonstrukci zem\u011b.<\/p>\n

Zdravotnick\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/strong><\/p>\n

12.1.2010\u00a0a\u017e 60% z\u00a0u\u017e i tak nefunk\u010dn\u00edho zdravotnick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu v\u00a0zemi byl\u00a0zni\u010deno v\u00a0okam\u017eiku.<\/strong>10% lok\u00e1ln\u00edho zdravotn\u00edho person\u00e1lu bu\u010f p\u0159i\u0161lo o\u00a0\u017eivot anebo opustilo zemi. D\u016fsledky zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed ovlivnily cel\u00fd chod syst\u00e9mu a schopnost reagovat na nal\u00e9hav\u00e9 zdravotn\u00ed pot\u0159eby populace. Odhaduje se, \u017ee p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 50% pracovn\u00edk\u016f zdravotnick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u017eilo po zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed ve stanech a minim\u00e1ln\u011b jej\u00edch dal\u0161\u00edch 50% pracovn\u00edk\u016f a\u00a0pracovn\u00edk\u016f ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho sektoru se nevr\u00e1tilo po trag\u00e9dii do zam\u011bstn\u00e1n\u00ed. Situace byla jednodu\u0161e katastrofick\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Bez okam\u017eit\u00e9 pomoci pracovn\u00edk\u016f zdravotnick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\u00a0a\u00a0bez revitalizace decentralizovan\u00e9 z\u00e1sobovac\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed asistence, se zdravotnick\u00fd syst\u00e9m mohl st\u00e1t dramatick\u00fdm \u00fanikem mozk\u016f kvalifikovan\u00e9 specializovan\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed s\u00edly. V\u00a0d\u016fsledku zni\u010den\u00ed zdravotnick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, poruch v dod\u00e1vce elekt\u0159iny a nepravideln\u00e9ho z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e9ky byl v\u00e1\u017en\u011b zkomplikov\u00e1n p\u0159\u00edstup\u00a0k nezbytn\u00fdm l\u00e9k\u016fm a zdravotnick\u00e9mu materi\u00e1lu. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pacienti posti\u017een\u00ed HIV\/AIDS, kte\u0159\u00ed dost\u00e1vali antiretrovir\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dbu (ART), byli obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v ohro\u017een\u00ed, proto\u017ee jejich l\u00e9\u010dba byla p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00e1. S minim\u00e1ln\u00ed psychologickou podporou, kter\u00e1 jim byla po katastrof\u011b poskytovan\u00e1, z\u016fstala v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich nechr\u00e1n\u011bna.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina Hai\u0165an\u016f m\u00e1 i\u00a0navzdory 5 let\u016fm, kter\u00e9 uplynuly od katastrofy, probl\u00e9m s\u00a0p\u0159\u00edstupem k\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00edmu zdravotnictv\u00ed. \u00a0Zat\u00edmco byly pen\u00edze investovan\u00e9 na stavbu nemocnic, je n\u011bkolik z\u00a0nich (nap\u0159. v\u00a0Carrefour) pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdch z\u00a0d\u016fvodu chybn\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed: chyb\u011bj\u00ed finance, kter\u00e9 by zabezpe\u010dily vy\u0161kolen\u00fd zdravotnick\u00fd person\u00e1l, dostatek l\u00e9k\u016f \u010di \u00fadr\u017ebu zdravotnick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Zabezpe\u010dit \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd chod nemocnice nen\u00ed jen ot\u00e1zka jej\u00ed stavby a\u00a0vybaven\u00ed. Je to dlouh\u00fd proces, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje dlouhodob\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed, profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed person\u00e1l, \u0161kolen\u00ed a\u00a0lidsk\u00e9 zdroje. Probl\u00e9m je v\u00a0tom, \u017ee dono\u0159i up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed investov\u00e1n\u00ed do \u201cjednoduch\u00fdch\u201d projekt\u016f, co\u017e je d\u016fvodem velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed nov\u00fdch, ale pr\u00e1zdnych lek\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed na Haiti, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e, ironicky, v\u011bt\u0161ina obyvatelstva bojuje, aby byl k\u00a0zdravotnick\u00e9mu syst\u00e9mu takov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup, jak\u00fd pot\u0159ebuje.<\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e byl zaznamen\u00e1n pokrok v\u00a0t\u00e9to oblasti, nejsme v\u00a0pozici, z\u00a0kter\u00e9 bychom um\u011bli sledovat v\u00fdstupy velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed donorsk\u00fdch financ\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly investov\u00e1ny do zem\u011b po zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed. Je v\u0161ak jist\u00e9, \u017ee pen\u00edze, kter\u00e9 zem\u011b z\u00edskala ve snaze \u201cpostavit zp\u011bt lep\u0161\u00ed\u201d, nebyly adekv\u00e1tne rozlo\u017eeny a\u00a0nebyly prioritn\u011b pou\u017eity na\u00a0zdravotnick\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd se mus\u00ed st\u00e1t mnohem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed prioritou pro autority a\u00a0jejich mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed partnery.<\/p>\n

Rozpo\u010det na zdravotnictv\u00ed je n\u00edzk\u00fd a\u00a0celkov\u011b sledujeme p\u0159echod z\u00a0pohotovostn\u00ed humanit\u00e1rn\u011b orientovan\u00e9 odezvy na rozvojovou. Zat\u00edmco je tento postoj kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd pro budovan\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho funk\u010dn\u00edho zdravotnick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, nem\u011blo by se to st\u00e1vat na \u00fakor pohotovostn\u00edch akc\u00ed v\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti. Finan\u010dn\u00ed mechanizmus mus\u00ed b\u00fdt schopen uvol\u0148ovat pen\u00edze ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m na\u010dasovan\u00ed s\u00a0p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnut\u00edm na nouzov\u00e9 situace, jako nap\u0159. vypuknut\u00ed cholery.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i \u0159ie\u0161en\u00ed situace je nevyhnutn\u00e9 koheretn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed od t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou aktivn\u00ed v\u00a0rekonstruk\u010dn\u00edch snah\u00e1ch. A\u00a0to tak, aby se neopakovaly situace, kdy jsou nemocnice sice postaven\u00e9, ale jsou bez person\u00e1lu, bez prost\u0159edk\u016f na jejich financov\u00e1n\u00ed a\u00a0jejich z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010dili v\u00a0podstat\u011b bez mo\u017enosti fungov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

MAGNA na Haiti<\/strong><\/p>\n

Magna D\u011bti v t\u00edsni vyhl\u00e1sila 12.1.2010 pohotovostn\u00ed stav a u\u017e n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed po katastrof\u011b vyslala na Haiti sv\u016fj t\u00fdm lek\u00e1\u0159\u016f a zdravotn\u00edk\u016f<\/strong> (2 senior chirurgov\u00e9, 2 zdravotn\u00ed sestry a 1 koordin\u00e1tor), aby zabezpe\u010dili bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed lek\u00e1\u0159skou asistenci ob\u011btem katastrofy. Zdravotnick\u00fd t\u00fdm MAGNA p\u016fsobil v Haitian Community Hospital a byl sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed pracovn\u00ed koordina\u010dn\u00ed skupiny. T\u00fdm krom\u011b ka\u017edodenn\u00edho o\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed pacient\u016f vykon\u00e1vali chirurgick\u00e9 operace skl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed se z amputac\u00ed, reoperac\u00ed a b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch chirurgick\u00fdch z\u00e1krok\u016f.\u00a0V dob\u011b prvn\u00ed f\u00e1ze humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed intervence jsme poskytli zdravotn\u00ed pomoc v\u00edce ne\u017e 3 300 pacient\u016fm<\/strong> v hlavn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b Port-au-Prince.<\/p>\n

MAGNA po zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed krom\u011b akutn\u00ed zdravotn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de (pohotovostn\u00ed, chirurgick\u00e1, \u00farazov\u00e1\u00a0a ortopedick\u00e1 p\u00e9\u010de) na vice ne\u017e 2 000 pacientech implementovala rozs\u00e1hlou psychosoci\u00e1ln\u00ed intervenci.<\/strong> C\u00edlovou skupinou pro psychosoci\u00e1ln\u00ed aktivity byli\u00a0ti jedinci, kte\u0159\u00ed trp\u011bli p\u0159\u00edznaky posttraumatick\u00e9ho stresu r\u016fzn\u00e9 intenzity, zp\u016fsoben\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed katastrofou, ale tak\u00e9 n\u00e1sledn\u00fdmi probl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9\u00a0po katastrof\u011b nastaly: n\u00e1sil\u00ed, sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed, velk\u00e1 soci\u00e1ln\u011b-ekonomick\u00e1 nestabilita, smutek\u00a0a beznad\u011bj z nejist\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed situace. Specifick\u00e9 psychosoci\u00e1ln\u00ed poradenstv\u00ed bylo zam\u011b\u0159eno na epidemii cholery, kter\u00e1 velk\u00fd po\u010det pacient\u016f vedla k op\u011btovn\u00fdm obav\u00e1m o \u017eivot a k strachu ze smrti. Mnoz\u00ed pacienti byli konfrontov\u00e1ni s n\u00e1kazou anebo se ztr\u00e1tou bl\u00edzk\u00e9 osoby. Psychick\u00e9 trauma m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zp\u016fsobene bu\u010f p\u0159\u00edmo traumatick\u00fdmi z\u00e1\u017eitky, anebo nep\u0159\u00edmo nedostatkem pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch ochrann\u00fdch mechanizm\u016f v \u010dase katastrofy a\u00a0v m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch nasleduj\u00edcich po katastrof\u011b.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b\u00a0psychosoci\u00e1ln\u00ed a zdravotn\u00ed pomoci v 4 stanov\u00fdch t\u00e1borech a ve zdravotn\u00edm centru Fame Pereo v Port-au-Prince, se\u00a0MAGNA prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00fdch kvalifikovan\u00fdch pracovn\u00edk\u016f v ter\u00e9nu v\u011bnovala tak\u00e9 \u017eensk\u00fdm ob\u011btem n\u00e1siln\u00fdch \u010din\u016f.<\/strong> MAGNA\u00a0pracovn\u00edci poskytovali informace o chorob\u00e1ch (HIV\/AIDS), pom\u00e1hali ob\u011btem zvl\u00e1dnout trauma pomoc\u00ed individu\u00e1ln\u00ed i skupinov\u00e9 terapie a \u0161kolili, jak zvl\u00e1dnout symptomy posttraumatick\u00e9ho syndromu.\u00a0Po\u010det v\u0161ech pacient\u016f l\u00e9\u010den\u00fdch na skupinov\u00e9m poradenstv\u00ed byl 2 069, po\u010det pacient\u016f z fokusov\u00e9 skupiny byl 2 057. Na individu\u00e1ln\u00edch terapeutick\u00fdch sezen\u00edch se l\u00e9\u010dilo a\u017e 1 778 pacient\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Magna D\u011bti v t\u00edsni takt\u00e9\u017e zabezpe\u010dovala v\u00fdstavbu zdravotn\u00edho centra pro matky s d\u011btmi v Port-au-Prince.<\/strong> Zdravotn\u00ed centrum pro matky a d\u011bti je b\u011b\u017en\u00fd model existuj\u00edc\u00ed v mnoh\u00fdch zem\u00edch a je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd z n\u011bkolika d\u016fvod\u016f: slu\u017eby poskytovan\u00e9 na klinice spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00ed v z\u00e1kladn\u00edch konzultac\u00edch, prenat\u00e1ln\u00ed a postnat\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di, vakcinac\u00edch, pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed rodi\u010dovstv\u00ed a za\u0159azov\u00e1n\u00ed pacient\u016f do programu du\u0161evn\u00edho zdrav\u00ed, nutri\u010dn\u00edch intervenc\u00edch i\u00a0v l\u00e9\u010db\u011b HIV pozitivn\u00edch d\u011bt\u00ed\u00a0a novorozenc\u016f narozen\u00fdch HIV pozitivn\u00edm matk\u00e1m. Mnoho zdravotn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f souvis\u00ed s \u017eivotn\u00edmi podm\u00ednkami extr\u00e9mn\u00ed chudoby: infekce d\u00fdchac\u00edch cest, ko\u017en\u00ed infekce anebo akutn\u00ed pr\u016fjem.<\/p>\n

V b\u0159eznu 2011 MAGNA asistovala p\u0159i p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1silky materi\u00e1ln\u00ed pomoci<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 byla na Haiti zaslan\u00e1 Slovenskou republikou hned po zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed v hodnot\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 200 tis. EUR (stany, oble\u010den\u00ed, kuchy\u0148sk\u00fd materi\u00e1l apod.). MAGNA z\u00e1silku distribuovala mezi obyvatele stanov\u00fdch t\u00e1bor\u016f Solino, Aviation, Corvington, Impasse 138 a pro HIV\/AIDS pacienty registrovan\u00e9 v centre Fame Pereo.<\/p>\n

V\u00a0sou\u010dasnosti m\u00e1 MAGNA na Haiti malou pohotovostn\u00ed misi.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159esn\u011b p\u0159ed p\u011bti lety, 12.1.2010, zas\u00e1hlo Haiti ni\u010div\u00e9 zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed o s\u00edle 7,0 Richterovy stupnice. Jak\u00e1 je situace na Haiti po 5 letech rekonstruk\u010dn\u00edch snah a jakou zdravotn\u00ed pomoc poskytla v t\u00e9to oblasti MAGNA?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7265,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"post_country":[],"post_year":[],"post_layout":[],"post_topic":[],"class_list":["post-7263","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHaiti: 5 let po tragick\u00e9m zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed - Magna<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.magna.org\/fr\/cs\/uncategorized\/haiti-5-let-po-tragickem-zemetreseni\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Haiti: 5 let po tragick\u00e9m zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed - Magna\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"P\u0159esn\u011b p\u0159ed p\u011bti lety, 12.1.2010, zas\u00e1hlo Haiti ni\u010div\u00e9 zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed o s\u00edle 7,0 Richterovy stupnice. 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